DIGITAL-GREEN TRANSITION AND ECONOMIC SECURITY: EU POLICIES, RISKS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR UKRAINE

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30890/2709-2313.2025-42-05-021

Keywords:

digital transformation, green transition, EU economic security, digital-green synergy, cybersecurity, energy efficiency, artificial intelligence, NIS2 Directive, Digital Europe Programme, Ukraine recovery and integration

Abstract

This chapter explores how the dual digital-green transition is reshaping the European Union’s model of competitiveness and economic security and analyses its implications for Ukraine. It examines the evolution of EU digital transformation and green transi

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References

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Published

2025-09-30

How to Cite

Strelchenko, I., Mostova, A., Kapiton, A., Mishustina, T., & Taranenko, I. (2025). DIGITAL-GREEN TRANSITION AND ECONOMIC SECURITY: EU POLICIES, RISKS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR UKRAINE. European Science, 5(sge42-05), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.30890/2709-2313.2025-42-05-021